Berkenalan dengan DDR3

Manfaat utama dari DDR3 adalah kemampuan untuk mentransfer data dua kali lipat tingkat DDR2 (I / O pada 8 × data tingkat sel memori yang dikandungnya), sehingga memungkinkan bus tingkat yang lebih tinggi dan tingkat puncak yang lebih tinggi daripada teknologi memori sebelumnya. Ada yang sesuai pengurangan latency, karena itu adalah fitur dari DRAM array dan tidak antarmuka. Selain itu, standar DDR3 memungkinkan untuk kapasitas chip 512 megabit hingga 8 gigabit, secara efektif memungkinkan modul memori maksimum ukuran dari 16 gigabyte.

Dalam rekayasa elektronik, DDR3 SDRAM atau double-data-rate tiga sinkron Dynamic Random Access kenangan adalah memori akses acak antarmuka teknologi yang digunakan untuk bandwidth yang tinggi penyimpanan data kerja komputer atau perangkat elektronik digital lainnya. DDR3 adalah bagian dari keluarga SDRAM teknologi dan merupakan salah satu dari banyak DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) implementasi.

Dengan data yang ditransfer 64-bit pada satu waktu per modul memori, DDR3 SDRAM memberikan transfer rate (memori clock rate) × 4 (bus clock multiplier) × 2 (untuk data rate) × 64 (jumlah bit yang ditransfer) / 8 (jumlah bit / byte). Jadi memory clock dengan frekuensi 100 MHz, DDR3 SDRAM memberikan maksimum transfer rate 6.400 MB / s.

Harus ditekankan bahwa DRAM DDR3 adalah spesifikasi interface; yang sebenarnya DRAM array yang menyimpan data adalah sama seperti pada jenis lainnya DRAM, dan memiliki kinerja yang serupa.

Memori DDR3 memberikan pengurangan konsumsi daya 30% dibandingkan modul DDR2 karena DDR3's suplai tegangan 1,5 V, dibandingkan dengan DDR2's 1,8 V atau DDR's 2,5 V. tegangan suplai 1,5 V bekerja baik dengan teknologi fabrikasi 90 nanometer yang digunakan dalam asli chip DDR3. Beberapa pabrik lebih mengusulkan menggunakan "dual-gate" transistor untuk mengurangi kebocoran arus.

Menurut JEDEC tegangan maksimum yang disarankan adalah 1,575 volt dan harus dipertimbangkan absolut memori maksimum ketika stabilitas adalah pertimbangan utama, seperti pada server atau perangkat kritis misi. Selain itu, JEDEC menyatakan bahwa modul memori harus tahan sampai 1,975 volt sebelum menimbulkan kerusakan permanen, meskipun mereka tidak diperlukan untuk berfungsi dengan benar pada tingkat itu.

Manfaat utama dari DDR3 berasal dari bandwidth yang lebih tinggi dimungkinkan oleh DDR3's 8-bit prefetch buffer luas, berbeda dengan DDR2's 4-bit prefetch buffer atau DDR's 2-bit buffer.

Modul DDR3 dapat mentransfer data dengan laju 800-1.600 MT / s menggunakan kedua naik dan turun tepi sebuah 400-800 MHz I / O clock. Sebagai perbandingan, DDR2 jangkauan saat ini kecepatan transfer data adalah 400-1.066 MT / s 200-533 MHz menggunakan I / O clock, dan DDR's kisaran 200-400 MT / s didasarkan pada 100-200 MHz I / O clock. Kinerja tinggi grafis adalah sopir awal kebutuhan bandwith tersebut, di mana transfer data bandwidth tinggi antara framebuffer diperlukan.

DDR3 prototipe diumumkan pada awal 2005. Produk dalam bentuk motherboard muncul di pasar pada bulan Juni 2007based Intel P35 "Bearlake" chipset dengan DIMM pada bandwidth hingga DDR3-1600 (PC3-12.800). Intel Core i7, dirilis pada bulan November 2008, terhubung langsung ke memori daripada melalui chipset. The Core i7 hanya mendukung DDR3. Soket pertama AMD Phenom AM3 II X4 prosesor, dirilis pada Februari 2009, adalah pertama mereka untuk mendukung DDR3.

DDR3 DIMM mempunyai 240 pin, nomor yang sama seperti DDR2, dan ukuran yang sama, tetapi listrik tidak kompatibel dan memiliki takik kunci yang berbeda lokasi. DDR3 SO-DIMM memiliki 204 pin.

Memori GDDR3, memiliki nama yang sama tapi karena dari teknologi yang sama sekali berbeda, telah digunakan untuk oleh perusahaan-perusahaan kartu grafis seperti NVIDIA dan ATI Technologies. GDDR3 kadang-kadang telah salah disebut sebagai "DDR3

Macam - Macam Bunyi BeepKode jika terjadi error pada komputer

BeepKode jika terjadi error(sumber http://www.pchell.com/hardware/beepcodes.shtml)

Standard Original IBM POST Error Codes

1 short beep Normal POST - system is ok
2 short beeps POST Error - error code shown on screen
No beep Power supply or system board problem
Continuous beep Power supply, system board, or keyboard problem
Repeating short beeps Power supply or system board problem
1 long, 1 short beep System board problem
1 long, 2 short beeps Display adapter problem (MDA, CGA)
1 long, 3 short beeps Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA)
3 long beeps 3270 keyboard card


IBM POST Diagnostic Code Descriptions

100 - 199 System Board
200 - 299 Memory
300 - 399 Keyboard
400 - 499 Monochrome Display
500 - 599 Color/Graphics Display
600 - 699 Floppy-disk drive and/or Adapter
700 - 799 Math Coprocessor
900 - 999 Parallel Printer Port
1000 - 1099 Alternate Printer Adapter
1100 - 1299 Asynchronous Communication Device, Adapter, or Port
1300 - 1399 Game Port
1400 - 1499 Color/Graphics Printer
1500 - 1599 Synchronous Communication Device, Adapter, or Port
1700 - 1799 Hard Drive and/or Adapter
1800 - 1899 Expansion Unit (XT)
2000 - 2199 Bisynchronous Communication Adapter
2400 - 2599 EGA system-board Video (MCA)
3000 - 3199 LAN Adapter
4800 - 4999 Internal Modem
7000 - 7099 Phoenix BIOS Chips
7300 - 7399 3.5" Disk Drive
8900 - 8999 MIDI Adapter
11200 - 11299 SCSI Adapter
21000 - 21099 SCSI Fixed Disk and Controller
21500 - 21599 SCSI CD-ROM System


AMI BIOS Beep Codes

1 Short Beep One beep is good! Everything is ok, that is if you see things on the screen. If you don't see anything, check your monitor and video card first. Is everything connected? If they seem fine, your motherboard has some bad chips on it. First reset the SIMM's and reboot. If it does the same thing, one of the memory chips on the motherboard are bad, and you most likely need to get another motherboard since these chips are soldered on.
2 Short Beeps Your computer has memory problems. First check video. If video is working, you'll see an error message. If not, you have a parity error in your first 64K of memory. First check your SIMM's. Reseat them and reboot. If this doesn't do it, the memory chips may be bad. You can try switching the first and second banks memory chips. First banks are the memory banks that your CPU finds its first 64K of base memory in. You'll need to consult your manual to see which bank is first. If all your memory tests good, you probably need to buy another motherboard.
3 Short Beeps Basically the same thing as 2 beeps. Follow that diagnosis above.
4 Short Beeps Basically the same thing as 2 beeps. Follow that diagnosis above. It could also be a bad timer
5 Short Beeps Your motherboard is complaining. Try reseating the memory and rebooting. If that doesn't help, you should consider another motherboard. You could probably get away with just replacing the CPU, but that's not too cost-effective. Its just time to upgrade!
6 Short Beeps The chip on your motherboard that controls your keyboard (A20 gate) isn't working. First try another keyboard. If it doesn't help, reseat the chip that controls the keyboard, if it isn't soldered in. If it still beeps, replace the chip if possible. Replace the motherboard if it is soldered in.
7 Short Beeps Your CPU broke overnight. Its no good. Either replace the CPU, or buy another motherboard.
8 Short Beeps Your video card isn't working. Make sure it is seated well in the bus. If it still beeps, either the whole card is bad or the memory on it is. Best bet is to install another video card.
9 Short Beeps Your BIOS is bad. Reseat or Replace the BIOS.
10 Short Beeps Your problem lies deep inside the CMOS. All chips associated with the CMOS will likely have to be replaced. Your best bet is to get a new motherboard.
11 Short Beeps Your problem is in the Cache Memory chips on the motherboard. Reseat or Replace these chips.
1 Long, 3 Short Beeps You've probably just added memory to the motherboard since this is a conventional or extended memory failure. Generally this is caused by a memory chip that is not seated properly. Reseat the memory chips.
1 Long, 8 Short Beeps Display / retrace test failed. Reseat the video card.


Phoenix BIOS Beep Codes

These audio codes are a little more detailed then the AMI codes. This BIOS emits three sets of beeps. For example, 1 -pause- 3 -pause 3 -pause. This is a 1-3-3 combo and each set of beeps is separated by a brief pause. Listen to this sequence of sounds, count them, and reboot and count again if you have to.


1-1-3 Your computer can't read the configuration info stored in the CMOS. Replace the motherboard.
1-1-4 Your BIOS needs to be replaced.
1-2-1 You have a bad timer chip on the motherboard. You need a new motherboard.
1-2-2 The motherboard is bad.
1-2-3 The motherboard is bad.
1-3-1 You'll need to replace the motherboard.
1-3-3 You'll need to replace the motherboard.
1-3-4 The motherboard is bad.
1-4-1 The motherboard is bad.
1-4-2 Some of your memory is bad.
2-_-_ Any combo of beeps after two means that some of your memory is bad, and unless you want to get real technical, you should probably have the guys in the lab coats test the memory for you. Take it to the shop.
3-1-_ One of the chips on your motherboard is broken. You'll likely need to get another board.
3-2-4 One of the chips on your motherboard that checks the keyboard is broken. You'll likely need to get another board.
3-3-4 Your computer can't find the video card. Is it there? If so, try swapping it with another one and see if it works.
3-4-_ Your video card isn't working. You'll need to replace it.
4-2-1 There's a bad chip on the motherboard. You need to buy another board.
4-2-2 First check the keyboard for problems. If nothing, you have a bad motherboard.
4-2-3 Same as 4-2-2.
4-2-4 One of the cards is bad. Try yanking out the cards one by one to isolate the culprit. Replace the bad one. The last possibility is to buy another motherboard.
4-3-1 Replace the motherboard.
4-3-2 See 4-3-1
4-3-3 See 4-3-1
4-3-4 Time of day clock failure. Try running the setup program that comes with the computer. Check the date and time. If that doesn't work, replace the battery. If that doesn't work, replace the power supply. You may have to replace the motherboard, but that is rare.
4-4-1 Your serial ports are acting up. Reseat, or replace, the I/O card. If the I/O is on the motherboard itself, disable them with a jumper (consult your manual to know which one) and then add an I/O card.
4-4-2 See 4-4-1, but this time is your Parallel port that's acting up.
4-4-3 You math coprocessor is having problems. Run a test program to double-check it. If it is indeed bad, disable it, or replace it.
Low 1-1-2 Your motherboard is having problems
Low 1-1-3 This is an Extended CMOS RAM problem, check your motherboard battery, and motherboard.

Password2 Default Bios

Password2 Default Bios adalah password default yang diberikan oleh pengembang program bios yang dipakai bilamana untuk menghindari reset dari hardware,bilamana baterai bios yang mau di reset masih bergaransi/dalam segel,jadi kalau tidak bisa mereset dengan cara hardware mungkin salah satu caranya adalah mengisi default password bios yang telah di sediakan pengembang,seprti di bawah ini:


Daftar Password Pembobol Bios

Many BIOS manufacturers have provided backdoor passwords that can be used to access the BIOS setup in the event you have lost your password. These passwords are case sensitive, so you may wish to try a variety of combinations. Keep in mind that the key associated to "_" in the US keyboard corresponds to "?" in some European keyboards. Laptops typically have better BIOS security than desktop systems, and we are not aware of any backdoor passwords that will work with name brand laptops.

WARNING: Some BIOS configurations will lock you out of the system completely if you type in an incorrect password more than 3 times. Read your manufacturers documentation for the BIOS setting before you begin typing in passwords

Award BIOS backdoor passwords:

ALFAROME ALLy aLLy aLLY ALLY aPAf _award AWARD_SW AWARD?SW AWARD SW AWARD PW AWKWARD awkward BIOSTAR CONCAT CONDO Condo d8on djonet HLT J64 J256 J262 j332 j322 KDD Lkwpeter LKWPETER PINT pint SER SKY_FOX SYXZ syxz shift + syxz TTPTHA ZAAADA ZBAAACA ZJAAADC 01322222
589589 589721 595595 598598

AMI BIOS backdoor passwords:

AMI AAAMMMIII BIOS PASSWORD HEWITT RAND AMI?SW AMI_SW LKWPETER A.M.I. CONDO

PHOENIX BIOS backdoor passwords:

phoenix, PHOENIX, CMOS, BIOS

MISC. COMMON PASSWORDS

ALFAROME BIOSTAR biostar biosstar CMOS cmos LKWPETER lkwpeter setup SETUP Syxz Wodj

OTHER BIOS PASSWORDS BY MANUFACTURER

Manufacturer Password
VOBIS & IBM merlin
Dell Dell
Biostar Biostar
Compaq Compaq
Enox xo11nE
Epox central
Freetech Posterie
IWill iwill
Jetway spooml
Packard Bell bell9
QDI QDI
Siemens SKY_FOX
TMC BIGO
Toshiba Toshiba

TOSHIBA BIOS

Most Toshiba laptops and some desktop systems will bypass the BIOS password if the left shift key is held down during boot

IBM APTIVA BIOS

Press both mouse buttons repeatedly during the boot